"wo" meaning in Middle English

See wo in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /wɔ̝ː/, /woː/ (note: later also), /wɑː/ [Early-Middle-English], /waː/ [Northern] Forms: woo [alternative], wa [alternative, Early-Middle-English, Northern], woa [alternative, Early-Middle-English]
Rhymes: -ɔː Etymology: Inherited from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wáy. Etymology templates: {{etymid|enm|woe}}, {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|enm|ang|wā|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old English wā, {{inh+|enm|ang|wā}} Inherited from Old English wā, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*wai}} Proto-Germanic *wai, {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*wáy}} Proto-Indo-European *wáy Head templates: {{head|enm|adjective}} wo
  1. woeful
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-adj-KaEaOhUI
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Noun

IPA: /wɔ̝ː/, /woː/ (note: later also), /wɑː/ [Early-Middle-English], /waː/ [Northern] Forms: wos [plural], woo [alternative], wa [alternative, Early-Middle-English, Northern], woa [alternative, Early-Middle-English]
Rhymes: -ɔː Etymology: Inherited from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wáy. Etymology templates: {{etymid|enm|woe}}, {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|enm|ang|wā|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old English wā, {{inh+|enm|ang|wā}} Inherited from Old English wā, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*wai}} Proto-Germanic *wai, {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*wáy}} Proto-Indo-European *wáy Head templates: {{head|enm|noun|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} wo, {{enm-noun|wos}} wo (plural wos)
  1. Discomfort, distress: Synonyms: angwissh, we
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-kq2FRZCM Categories (other): Criminal law Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5
  2. Discomfort, distress:
    Pain; physical distress.
    Synonyms: angwissh, we
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-eS41wuLH Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Criminal law, Pain Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4 Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5 Disambiguation of Pain: 0 0 62 9 8 0 0 9 9 0 2 0
  3. Discomfort, distress:
    Sorrow; emotional distress.
    Synonyms: angwissh, we
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-Pyf5UVwS Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Criminal law, Sadness Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4 Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5 Disambiguation of Sadness: 1 5 4 12 7 4 4 31 31 1 1 0
  4. Discomfort, distress:
    A distressing punishment; torture.
    Synonyms: angwissh, we
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-K1Iysep2 Categories (other): Criminal law Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5
  5. Discomfort, distress:
    Lamenting; an expression of distress.
    Synonyms: angwissh, we
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-FP1zkl5o Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Criminal law Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4 Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5
  6. Discomfort, distress:
    Something distressing or uncomfortable.
    Synonyms: angwissh, we
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-As4Hh6qG Categories (other): Criminal law Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5
  7. Calamity, hardship, trouble:
    An instance of adversity.
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-3bZYSZaz Categories (other): Criminal law, Sadness Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5 Disambiguation of Sadness: 1 5 4 12 7 4 4 31 31 1 1 0
  8. Calamity, hardship, trouble:
    Poverty; lack of wealth.
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-4XYWnnBD Categories (other): Criminal law, Sadness Disambiguation of Criminal law: 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5 Disambiguation of Sadness: 1 5 4 12 7 4 4 31 31 1 1 0
  9. Trouble; that which annoys or bothers.
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-YwUfSGP-
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Noun

Forms: wos [plural]
Head templates: {{head|enm|noun|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} wo, {{enm-noun}} wo (plural wos)
  1. alternative form of woo Tags: alt-of, alternative Alternative form of: woo
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-noun-MSE5fhqJ Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Pronoun

Head templates: {{head|enm|pronoun}} wo
  1. alternative form of who (“who”, nominative) Tags: alt-of, alternative Alternative form of: who (extra: “who”, nominative)
    Sense id: en-wo-enm-pron-V73qnRzE Categories (other): Middle English pronouns
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "woe"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "wae"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "wa"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "woe"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English wā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English wā",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*wai"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wai",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wáy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wáy",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wáy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "wos",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "woo",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English",
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "woa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wos"
      },
      "expansion": "wo (plural wos)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              2
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              4
            ]
          ],
          "english": "Pain and joy in this world aren't anything except for a picture; they're nothing but a mirage.",
          "ref": "c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Ludlow, Shropshire, published c. 1235, folio 65, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 26 January 2018:",
          "text": "Ƿa ⁊ ƿunne ı þıs ƿoꝛld al nıs bute peintunge. al nıs bute ſchadeƿe.",
          "translation": "Pain and joy in this world aren't anything except for a picture; they're nothing but a mirage.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress"
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-kq2FRZCM",
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 62 9 8 0 0 9 9 0 2 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Pain",
          "orig": "enm:Pain",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Pain; physical distress."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-eS41wuLH",
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "physical",
          "physical"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 5 4 12 7 4 4 31 31 1 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Sadness",
          "orig": "enm:Sadness",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Sorrow; emotional distress."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-Pyf5UVwS",
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Sorrow",
          "sorrow"
        ],
        [
          "emotional",
          "emotional"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "A distressing punishment; torture."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-K1Iysep2",
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "punishment",
          "punishment"
        ],
        [
          "torture",
          "torture"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Lamenting; an expression of distress."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-FP1zkl5o",
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Lamenting",
          "lamenting"
        ],
        [
          "expression",
          "expression"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Something distressing or uncomfortable."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-As4Hh6qG",
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Something",
          "something"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "uncomfortable",
          "uncomfortable"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 5 4 12 7 4 4 31 31 1 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Sadness",
          "orig": "enm:Sadness",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Calamity, hardship, trouble:",
        "An instance of adversity."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-3bZYSZaz",
      "links": [
        [
          "Calamity",
          "calamity"
        ],
        [
          "hardship",
          "hardship"
        ],
        [
          "trouble",
          "trouble"
        ],
        [
          "instance",
          "instance"
        ],
        [
          "adversity",
          "adversity"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 7 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Criminal law",
          "orig": "enm:Criminal law",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 5 4 12 7 4 4 31 31 1 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Sadness",
          "orig": "enm:Sadness",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Calamity, hardship, trouble:",
        "Poverty; lack of wealth."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-4XYWnnBD",
      "links": [
        [
          "Calamity",
          "calamity"
        ],
        [
          "hardship",
          "hardship"
        ],
        [
          "trouble",
          "trouble"
        ],
        [
          "Poverty",
          "poverty"
        ],
        [
          "lack",
          "lack"
        ],
        [
          "wealth",
          "wealth"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Trouble; that which annoys or bothers."
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-YwUfSGP-",
      "links": [
        [
          "Trouble",
          "trouble"
        ],
        [
          "annoy",
          "annoy"
        ],
        [
          "bother",
          "bother"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/wɔ̝ː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/woː/",
      "note": "later also"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔː"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wɑː/",
      "tags": [
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/waː/",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "woe"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English wā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English wā",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*wai"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wai",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wáy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wáy",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wáy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "woo",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English",
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "woa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              2
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:",
          "text": "Wo was the knight and sorroufully he syketh.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woeful"
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-adj-KaEaOhUI",
      "links": [
        [
          "woeful",
          "woeful"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/wɔ̝ː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/woː/",
      "note": "later also"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔː"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wɑː/",
      "tags": [
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/waː/",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "“who”, nominative",
          "word": "who"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)"
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-pron-V73qnRzE",
      "links": [
        [
          "who",
          "who#Middle_English:_who"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "wos",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "wo (plural wos)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "woo"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 7 17 16 6 13 6 8 7 3 12 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of woo"
      ],
      "id": "en-wo-enm-noun-MSE5fhqJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "woo",
          "woo#Middle_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English adjectives",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Middle English/ɔː",
    "Rhymes:Middle English/ɔː/1 syllable",
    "enm:Criminal law",
    "enm:Pain",
    "enm:Sadness"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "woe"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "wae"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "wa"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "woe"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English wā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English wā",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*wai"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wai",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wáy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wáy",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wáy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "wos",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "woo",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English",
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "woa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wos"
      },
      "expansion": "wo (plural wos)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              2
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              4
            ]
          ],
          "english": "Pain and joy in this world aren't anything except for a picture; they're nothing but a mirage.",
          "ref": "c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Ludlow, Shropshire, published c. 1235, folio 65, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 26 January 2018:",
          "text": "Ƿa ⁊ ƿunne ı þıs ƿoꝛld al nıs bute peintunge. al nıs bute ſchadeƿe.",
          "translation": "Pain and joy in this world aren't anything except for a picture; they're nothing but a mirage.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Pain; physical distress."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Pain",
          "pain"
        ],
        [
          "physical",
          "physical"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Sorrow; emotional distress."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Sorrow",
          "sorrow"
        ],
        [
          "emotional",
          "emotional"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "A distressing punishment; torture."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "punishment",
          "punishment"
        ],
        [
          "torture",
          "torture"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Lamenting; an expression of distress."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Lamenting",
          "lamenting"
        ],
        [
          "expression",
          "expression"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Discomfort, distress:",
        "Something distressing or uncomfortable."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Discomfort",
          "discomfort"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "Something",
          "something"
        ],
        [
          "distress",
          "distress"
        ],
        [
          "uncomfortable",
          "uncomfortable"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "angwissh"
        },
        {
          "word": "we"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Calamity, hardship, trouble:",
        "An instance of adversity."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Calamity",
          "calamity"
        ],
        [
          "hardship",
          "hardship"
        ],
        [
          "trouble",
          "trouble"
        ],
        [
          "instance",
          "instance"
        ],
        [
          "adversity",
          "adversity"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Calamity, hardship, trouble:",
        "Poverty; lack of wealth."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Calamity",
          "calamity"
        ],
        [
          "hardship",
          "hardship"
        ],
        [
          "trouble",
          "trouble"
        ],
        [
          "Poverty",
          "poverty"
        ],
        [
          "lack",
          "lack"
        ],
        [
          "wealth",
          "wealth"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Trouble; that which annoys or bothers."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Trouble",
          "trouble"
        ],
        [
          "annoy",
          "annoy"
        ],
        [
          "bother",
          "bother"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/wɔ̝ː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/woː/",
      "note": "later also"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔː"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wɑː/",
      "tags": [
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/waː/",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English adjectives",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Middle English/ɔː",
    "Rhymes:Middle English/ɔː/1 syllable",
    "enm:Criminal law",
    "enm:Pain",
    "enm:Sadness"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "woe"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English wā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "wā"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English wā",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*wai"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wai",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wáy"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wáy",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wáy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "woo",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English",
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "woa",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with quotations",
        "Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              0,
              2
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:",
          "text": "Wo was the knight and sorroufully he syketh.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woeful"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "woeful",
          "woeful"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/wɔ̝ː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/woː/",
      "note": "later also"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɔː"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wɑː/",
      "tags": [
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/waː/",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English pronouns",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Criminal law",
    "enm:Pain",
    "enm:Sadness"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "“who”, nominative",
          "word": "who"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "who",
          "who#Middle_English:_who"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Criminal law",
    "enm:Pain",
    "enm:Sadness"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "wos",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "wo",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "wo (plural wos)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "woo"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of woo"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "woo",
          "woo#Middle_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wo"
}

Download raw JSONL data for wo meaning in Middle English (9.3kB)

{
  "called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
  "msg": "''Discomfort, distress:'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
  "path": [
    "wo"
  ],
  "section": "Middle English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "wo",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.